3D Numerical Simulation of Secondary Wave Generation From Mountain Wave Breaking Over Europe

In this paper, we simulate an observed mountain wave event over central Europe and investigate the subsequent generation, propagation, phase speeds spatial scales, momentum deposition of secondary waves under three different tidal wind conditions. We find breaks just below lowest critical level in mesosphere. As breaks, it extends outwards along phases fluid associated with breaking flows downstream its original location by 500–1,000 km. The generates a broad range horizontal scales ranging from instability (20–300 km), to multiples packet scale (420 km+) 40 150 m/s lower thermosphere. morphology consists semi-concentric patterns propagation generally opposing local winds Shears cause forcing which even more waves. also influence dominant wavelengths that reach thermosphere deposit their energy area thermosphere, mostly eastward source concentrated between 110 130 km altitude. is significant will likely be very important for dynamics A large portion comes nonlinearly generated at relatively small-scales arise processes.